Multiple-separation and -detection are two approaches applied at the identification of analytes in chromatography. Using them depends on the physico-chemical properties and elemental content of the analytes. When physico-chemical properties are similar multiple-separation gives better opportunities for the identification. In this case, the efficiency of the columns is very important. When analytes contain some characteristic groups as--NO2, halogen, or nitrogen atoms then multiple-detection will be more useful. The sensitivity and/or selectivity of the detectors increase reliability of identification significantly. 相似文献
Summary. The possibility of using synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) enzymes Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase, isolated from rat brain, as a biological component of multi-response sensing system for detection of different compounds (alkaline and heavy metal salts, organic compounds) was studied. The method is based on the spectrophotometric determination of inorganic ortho-phosphate (Pi) that serves as a measure of the enzymatic activity in the presence of various analytes. The concentration of Pi, liberated by enzyme catalysed hydrolysis of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), was followed spectrophotometrically, by single exposure to analytes or in the mixture. Pi was dose dependent on the analyte concentration. Alkaline elements (Na, K, Mg), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Co, Zn), toxic organic compounds (pyridine, urea, chlorpyrifos), and some drugs (digoxin, gitoxin) showed diverse effects, inducing the inhibition or stimulation of the enzymes activity. Development of simple test method for simultaneous detection of the investigated analytes based on the variation of medium assay composition was discussed. 相似文献
A method for the detection of defects in cylindrical structures and the determination of their positions and orientations is presented in this paper. The scattered field, which is generated by the interaction of excited guided waves with a defect, is evaluated with an approach named time reverse numerical simulation method (TRNS). Since the excited waves and the scattered field propagate along the sample, the time-consuming scanning of the whole tube can be eliminated. The scattered displacement field is measured in three dimensions over time with a laser vibrometer at different locations distributed equally around the circumference at a fixed axial coordinate far away from the defect. Instead of analyzing the complicated time signals directly, they are played back in time. If the recorded displacement histories of the scattered field are reversed in time and played back in an identical structure, the waves travel back the same path and interfere to a maximum at their origin. The result is an amplitude increase at the position of the defect where the scattered field was generated. Instead of playing back the recorded time signals in an experiment, this step is replaced by a numerical simulation. Only this enables the visualization and detection of the amplitude increase. As long as the simulation is of high accuracy, the position of the maximum interference corresponds exactly to the location of the defect in the experiment, although no defect is implemented in the simulation. 相似文献
The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of influence of defects in 1D photonic crystal (PC) on the density of states
and simultaneously spontaneous emission, in both spatial and frequency domains. In our investigations we use an analytic model
of 1D PC with defects. Our analysis reveals how presence of a defect causes a defect mode to appear. We show that a defect
in 1D PC has local character, being negligible in regions of PC situated far from the defected elementary cell. We also analyze
the effect of multiple defects, which lead to photonic band gap splitting. 相似文献
A new type of biosensor has been developed based on detection of nanosized superparamagnetic particles that serve as labels in bioreactions. The method is based on non-linear magnetic material detection by a magnetic field having components at two frequencies f1 and f2. The response is measured at the combinatorial frequencies fi=mf1+nf2, where m and n are integers, e.g., fi=f1±2f2. Several highly sensitive readers of superparamagnetic particles have been designed and used for development of various formats of immunoassays, including those compatible with immunoconcentration and magnetic enrichment of antigens. 相似文献
The recent results on development of X-ray Si(Li), Si-planar and CdTe p-i-n detectors cooled by Peltier coolers for fabrication of laboratory and portable XRF analysers for different applications are discussed.
Low detection limits of XRF analysers are provided by increasing of detectors sensitive surface; improvement of their spectrometrical characteristics; decreasing of front-end-electronics noise level; Peltier coolers and vacuum chambers cooling modes optimization.
Solution of all mentioned tasks allowed to develop Peltier cooled detectors with the following performances:
Advantages and disadvantages of all types of detectors for X-ray fluorescence analysis are compared. Spectra are presented. Application of different XRF analysers based on developed detectors in medicine, environmental science, industry, cryminalistics and history of art are demonstrated. 相似文献
Summary This paper deals with structural damage detection using measured frequency response functions (FRF) as input data to artificial
neural networks (ANN). A major obstacle, the impracticality of using full-size FRF data with ANNs, was circumvented by applying
a data-reduction technique based on principal component analysis (PCA). The compressed FRFs, represented by their projection
onto the most significant principal components, were used as the ANN input variables instead of the raw FRF data. The output
is a prediction of the actual state of the specimen, i.e. healthy or damaged. A further advantage of this particular approach
is its ability to deal with relatively high measurement noise, which is a common occurrence when dealing with industrial structures.
The methodology was applied to detect three different states of a space antenna: reference, slight mass damage and slight
stiffness damage. About 600 FRF measurements, each with 1024 spectral points, were included in the analysis. Six 2-hidden
layer networks, each with an individually-optimised architecture for a specific FRF reduction level, were used for damage
detection. The results showed that it was possible to distinguish between the three states of the antenna with good accuracy,
subject to using an adequate number of principal components together with a suitable neural network configuration. It was
also found that the quality of the raw FRF data remained a major consideration, though the method was able to filter out some
of the measurement noise. The convergence and detection properties of the networks were improved significantly by removing
those FRFs associated with measurement errors.
Received 9 March 2000; accepted for publication 12 December 2000 相似文献